Multiple personality disorder (MPD) is the splitting of a person’s personality that will form new people when the stress of the world is too much to handle. There have been many studies conducted to determine the existence of MPD/dissociation disorders, but skepticism still continues.
In the research article “Belief in the Existence of Multiple Personality Disorder” the survey method was used. It was sent among Psychologists and Psychiatrists that were both male and female (Dunn, Gary 1994). 1,900 psychiatrists and 1,700 psychologists that worked in the service of the VA medical centers in 1994, throughout the United States, were surveyed. Some of the questions in the survey entailed “Do you believe in the existence of MPD/ dissociation disorders? Have you ever treated any patients with MPD/dissociation disorders?”
This research method is not an experiment because there was no hypothesis calculated and there were no variables tested.
The survey found that the psychiatrists and psychologists that were younger and had less experience in psychology were more likely to believe in the existence of MPD/dissociation disorders. The older psychiatrists and psychologists that had more experience in psychology were less likely to believe that MPD/dissociation disorders existed. The survey also found that the psychiatrists and psychologists that had treated patients diagnosed with MPD/dissociation disorders were more likely to believe in the existence. Seventy eight point nine percent of males and eighty two point eight percent of females believed in the existence of MPD/dissociation disorders. Some things that skewed the results were that the survey only occurred in the VA systems of health professionals that worked with military veterans and it had a very limited return rate.
Another example in the survey is that seventy five point four percent of psychiatrists believed in the existence and eighty two point eight percent of psychologists believed in the existence of MPD/ dissociation disorder.
MPD/ dissociation diagnoses can be approached by applying the structural-functional theory. The structural-functional theory looks at society as a complex framework of parts that work together toward solidarity and stability. Milder forms of MPD/dissociation disorder can be relatively stable within society unless a stressor triggers a dissociation state. The splitting of one’s personality causes the walking self to blackout and experience memory difficult that is associated with the experiences of the different personalities. MPD’s have extreme difficulty maintaining healthy relationships in work, romance, and families. The debate continues and it is clear that further research should be indicated.
The theoretical perspective that MPD is classified under is symbolic interaction because MPD’s have to interact with people. They need to learn to function properly within a particular society.
The theoretical perspective that the article did not address was the feminist theory. This study is for males and females and not just for women.
The social institutions that the article discussed were medicine and psychology.
The study of MPD is important because they are not able to function correctly in society and are disruptive to society as a whole. They need to be treated and get better.
Sunday, March 18, 2012
Thursday, March 8, 2012
Social Influence
Social influence theory is when a person’s emotions, opinions, and behaviors are influenced by others. The informational social influence theory is the phenomenon when people assume that the behavior of others is the correct way to behave. People watch other people to make decisions about how they should behave. They can look to other sources of information to help them make decisions as well like experts; or conform to what other people are doing. The informational social influence occurs most often when the situation is ambiguous meaning that the situation can have many different possible meanings. It occurs when there is a crisis and when others are considered to be experts of a particular subject. When there is a crisis they don’t have anytime to think or experiment. The decision is required right away. Choices are there for people everyday to choose but sometimes they are unsure of what to choose. When other people are experts on something they will accept the authority of others and think that they must know more than us. For example if someone is in a fancy restaurant and they don’t know what spoon or fork to use they will look to other people in the restaurant to know what utensil to use, displaying the correct behavior in this type of situation.
Chapter 17 Connection Task
Discussion Questions
1) The British author Ellis wrote a book in 1839. It addressed her viewpoint of the middle class women in that era. She defined them as a middle class of women who were educated, experienced no poverty and were members of the part of society that was connected by trade and manufacturing. Because of their social status she had concerns that they were not fulfilling their duties within the home as good quality homemakers.
2) Sarah Stickney Ellis wrote a book in 1839 called Characteristics of the Women of England. The book contained tips for successful conduct for middle class women. She wrote this because it was her opinion about how this class of woman should behave. She encouraged them to make a home full of order, tranquility and proper behavior. That her family and their happiness should be number one in her activities and concerns in life. She stated that the women of this class should be the pillars of the family life, being self sacrificing and providing service to her family members. The women need to focus on how to promote happiness of all members without having to have any activity within the home requested by any member. She should be able to think about their needs ahead of time and address the need even before the family member became aware of the need. If they were not as she recommended than she stated that they could be considered cold, cheerless partners They should be able to be successful with her suggestions because they did not have to battle poverty and it should be their duty to their family.
3) The middle class domestic duties were focused on the women getting married and on the home and family, being kind, taking care of the family when they are sick, being a counselor, being passive and obedient to their husband, sew, and butcher animals. This was a period in history when women’s roles were expected to be caretakers of their husbands. Women were supposed to run the house and take care of their family. Women didn’t have the right to vote. The men were more important than the women and women were known as “the weaker sex”. Their status was considered to be lower than the men. The woman’s place as in the home caring for home duties and family members.
In England in the 1770’s women were not considered to be important and they were considered to be the weaker of the two sexes. They had no rights and their only duties were to get married and start a family. Before the Industrial Revolution women were in charge of the agriculture. They would make butter, cheese, and milk cows. But once England started converting into more industry women moved with their husbands to the cities and got jobs in textile making factories.
In America during this same approximate time frame the American Revolution was going on. The men would go off to war and the women would take over the men’s jobs as carpenters, blacksmiths, and ship builders as well as nurses, cooks, laundresses and spies. When the men returned home the women returned to their normal lives of home makers. The women were not allowed to fight because it was considered a man’s job, but sometimes they would dress up in men’s clothing so that they could help out with the war effort. The women were not allowed to petition, they couldn’t be heirs to property or money, they couldn’t vote, they couldn’t go to college and their schooling ended after grammar school. They were expected to get married and if the marriage was unsuccessful they were not allowed to divorce or leave. If they did divorce or run away they would loss custody of their children. The women were expected to stay home all day to cook and clean and they would make homemade soap, candles, and food. The women were allowed to attend adventure schools that would teach them about music, dance, painting, needlework, and drawing.
As England moved into 1839 Sarah Ellis wrote a book Characteristics of the Women of England. She felt motivated to write to the middle class women of that era to stick to the traditional woman role of maintaining the home, happiness of her family, and to accomplish home chores personally.
In America in 1839 when Ellis was writing her book in England it was 26 years before the outbreak of the Civil War in America. The middle class women in America, especially in the south, were accustom to black servants doing the majority of the house hold chores including the direct care of the family and home. The women were removed from the care of the family and enjoyed leisure, and entertaining. During this time frame in England the country was also experiencing extensive servitude in the upper classes. Like America the women were enjoying leisure, entertaining and leaving the care of the family to the servant population. With such a correlation with what is happening in England and across the water to America it appears that Ellis was concerned about the middle class women’s trend of leaving the care in the home to members of the lower class servants.
1) The British author Ellis wrote a book in 1839. It addressed her viewpoint of the middle class women in that era. She defined them as a middle class of women who were educated, experienced no poverty and were members of the part of society that was connected by trade and manufacturing. Because of their social status she had concerns that they were not fulfilling their duties within the home as good quality homemakers.
2) Sarah Stickney Ellis wrote a book in 1839 called Characteristics of the Women of England. The book contained tips for successful conduct for middle class women. She wrote this because it was her opinion about how this class of woman should behave. She encouraged them to make a home full of order, tranquility and proper behavior. That her family and their happiness should be number one in her activities and concerns in life. She stated that the women of this class should be the pillars of the family life, being self sacrificing and providing service to her family members. The women need to focus on how to promote happiness of all members without having to have any activity within the home requested by any member. She should be able to think about their needs ahead of time and address the need even before the family member became aware of the need. If they were not as she recommended than she stated that they could be considered cold, cheerless partners They should be able to be successful with her suggestions because they did not have to battle poverty and it should be their duty to their family.
3) The middle class domestic duties were focused on the women getting married and on the home and family, being kind, taking care of the family when they are sick, being a counselor, being passive and obedient to their husband, sew, and butcher animals. This was a period in history when women’s roles were expected to be caretakers of their husbands. Women were supposed to run the house and take care of their family. Women didn’t have the right to vote. The men were more important than the women and women were known as “the weaker sex”. Their status was considered to be lower than the men. The woman’s place as in the home caring for home duties and family members.
In England in the 1770’s women were not considered to be important and they were considered to be the weaker of the two sexes. They had no rights and their only duties were to get married and start a family. Before the Industrial Revolution women were in charge of the agriculture. They would make butter, cheese, and milk cows. But once England started converting into more industry women moved with their husbands to the cities and got jobs in textile making factories.
In America during this same approximate time frame the American Revolution was going on. The men would go off to war and the women would take over the men’s jobs as carpenters, blacksmiths, and ship builders as well as nurses, cooks, laundresses and spies. When the men returned home the women returned to their normal lives of home makers. The women were not allowed to fight because it was considered a man’s job, but sometimes they would dress up in men’s clothing so that they could help out with the war effort. The women were not allowed to petition, they couldn’t be heirs to property or money, they couldn’t vote, they couldn’t go to college and their schooling ended after grammar school. They were expected to get married and if the marriage was unsuccessful they were not allowed to divorce or leave. If they did divorce or run away they would loss custody of their children. The women were expected to stay home all day to cook and clean and they would make homemade soap, candles, and food. The women were allowed to attend adventure schools that would teach them about music, dance, painting, needlework, and drawing.
As England moved into 1839 Sarah Ellis wrote a book Characteristics of the Women of England. She felt motivated to write to the middle class women of that era to stick to the traditional woman role of maintaining the home, happiness of her family, and to accomplish home chores personally.
In America in 1839 when Ellis was writing her book in England it was 26 years before the outbreak of the Civil War in America. The middle class women in America, especially in the south, were accustom to black servants doing the majority of the house hold chores including the direct care of the family and home. The women were removed from the care of the family and enjoyed leisure, and entertaining. During this time frame in England the country was also experiencing extensive servitude in the upper classes. Like America the women were enjoying leisure, entertaining and leaving the care of the family to the servant population. With such a correlation with what is happening in England and across the water to America it appears that Ellis was concerned about the middle class women’s trend of leaving the care in the home to members of the lower class servants.
Friday, March 2, 2012
Software
Do you find yourself constantly scraping and scratching for the last dollar to pay your bills?
Do you want to balance your life and save some too?
If you said yes to any of the questions above then you need………..
Financial Budget Success
This software product helps you balance your budget to help you get out of the RED zone for a better financial future.
Simply input your personal data and the program will customize a budget plan to keep track of your how much you should spend in each area based on your income.
Try it today for ONLY $10.99 plus $2.99 shipping and handling
This product has been tested and handed out to one million people and 95% were completely satisfied.
“This product has really changed my life” - Mary
“This product has helped me get back on my feet with my finances” - Scott
“I recommend this product to all of my friends” – Lisa
Try it now risk free for $10.99 plus $2.99 shipping and handling for 30 days if you are not completely satisfied send it back for a complete refund.
When trying to sell a product the first thing to do is connect with the audience in an emotional way. The emotional statements are my questions to see if they can connect to the product. That is why I asked if they ever found themselves in any financial trouble. The next step would to justify the discussion with the facts by listing the good qualities of the product. That is why I said it’s simple to input their personal data and create a custom budget plan. People are very egocentric. What it’s in it for me. This product helps people budget their finance which is a big seller recently. People look for value in the product.
The better the price the more likely people will buy products. This is why I put a decent price on the software. In the United States the advertisement would feature the individual. But if the advertisement was featured in Eastern culture it would feature the family. People are more likely to buy a product if they hear what real people have to say about it and if it actually works. The next step would be to evaluate how the product meets their needs. This meets people’s needs by providing them with financial support. People love to buy stuff and the advertisements have to have appealing offers. People like try the product first before they buy it. This is why I included the 30 day trial.
Do you want to balance your life and save some too?
If you said yes to any of the questions above then you need………..
Financial Budget Success
This software product helps you balance your budget to help you get out of the RED zone for a better financial future.
Simply input your personal data and the program will customize a budget plan to keep track of your how much you should spend in each area based on your income.
Try it today for ONLY $10.99 plus $2.99 shipping and handling
This product has been tested and handed out to one million people and 95% were completely satisfied.
“This product has really changed my life” - Mary
“This product has helped me get back on my feet with my finances” - Scott
“I recommend this product to all of my friends” – Lisa
Try it now risk free for $10.99 plus $2.99 shipping and handling for 30 days if you are not completely satisfied send it back for a complete refund.
When trying to sell a product the first thing to do is connect with the audience in an emotional way. The emotional statements are my questions to see if they can connect to the product. That is why I asked if they ever found themselves in any financial trouble. The next step would to justify the discussion with the facts by listing the good qualities of the product. That is why I said it’s simple to input their personal data and create a custom budget plan. People are very egocentric. What it’s in it for me. This product helps people budget their finance which is a big seller recently. People look for value in the product.
The better the price the more likely people will buy products. This is why I put a decent price on the software. In the United States the advertisement would feature the individual. But if the advertisement was featured in Eastern culture it would feature the family. People are more likely to buy a product if they hear what real people have to say about it and if it actually works. The next step would be to evaluate how the product meets their needs. This meets people’s needs by providing them with financial support. People love to buy stuff and the advertisements have to have appealing offers. People like try the product first before they buy it. This is why I included the 30 day trial.
Mustang
There are two types of persuasion techniques that are useful in trying to persuade someone. The first one is the central route of persuasion which is when the person focuses on the message and the arguments. The central route occurs when the arguments are very compelling. People are more likely to go to the central route when the topic relates to them. This results in long lasting and very resistant to change. The question that often arises is does the audiences have the ability and motivation to listen? Under certain situations people want to pay attention to the information presented in the message and can be motivated by the facts when it’s logical. If the answer is yes they can go with the central route of persuasion. If the answer is no they can go with the peripheral route of persuasion. The peripheral route of persuasion is when the person bases their opinions on something other than the arguments or the message. They can focus on other things like the prestige of the speaker and how attractive they are. This causes temporary and susceptible to change.
Using the central route of persuasion to try and convince someone to buy a Ford Mustang I would focus on the components of the car. The interior of some of the new Mustangs have new red leather trimmed seats, leather wrapped steering wheel, seamless skin, a one piece instrument panel, chrome speaker surrounds and aluminum accents on the dash, petal covers, scuff plates, and shifter knob. The mustang offers sophisticated interior lighting with choices of seven different colors, heated seats, power assist steering, reverse sensing backing up system, HD radio, voice activated navigation system, and a rearview camera to assist in backing up. This selling approach would work best in a situation when the customer is really interested in the car and wants information about its features.
Using the peripheral route of persuasion to try and convince someone to buy a Ford Mustang I would focus on the outside appearance of the car. The color of the outside of the Mustang would be very important. Research indicates that the style of a car is more desirable in different colors. Red has historically been the most prevalently desired color for selling of sport cars in general. Color can be an important factor in extenuating the outside features of a car. I would discuss the convertible tops, glass roof, and style features of the hood, the design of the wheels and the design of the spoiler. Using this style may not cause a long term attitude change it can stimulate spontaneous purchase. This selling style would work with someone who may not really be interested initially or distracted at the time.
Using the central route of persuasion to try and convince someone to buy a Ford Mustang I would focus on the components of the car. The interior of some of the new Mustangs have new red leather trimmed seats, leather wrapped steering wheel, seamless skin, a one piece instrument panel, chrome speaker surrounds and aluminum accents on the dash, petal covers, scuff plates, and shifter knob. The mustang offers sophisticated interior lighting with choices of seven different colors, heated seats, power assist steering, reverse sensing backing up system, HD radio, voice activated navigation system, and a rearview camera to assist in backing up. This selling approach would work best in a situation when the customer is really interested in the car and wants information about its features.
Using the peripheral route of persuasion to try and convince someone to buy a Ford Mustang I would focus on the outside appearance of the car. The color of the outside of the Mustang would be very important. Research indicates that the style of a car is more desirable in different colors. Red has historically been the most prevalently desired color for selling of sport cars in general. Color can be an important factor in extenuating the outside features of a car. I would discuss the convertible tops, glass roof, and style features of the hood, the design of the wheels and the design of the spoiler. Using this style may not cause a long term attitude change it can stimulate spontaneous purchase. This selling style would work with someone who may not really be interested initially or distracted at the time.
Cognitive Dissonance and Changing Behavior
In 1957 Leon Festinger was first to form the theory of cognitive dissonance into a well known social psychological theory. His theory stated that if someone behaves in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs a dissonance (discrepancy) occurs. Cognitive dissonance is the drive or feeling of discomfort caused by two or more inconsistent cognitions at the same time. Cognition is any element of knowledge which includes attitude, emotions, beliefs, or behavior. Cognition dissonance is threatening to a person’s self esteem because they see an inconsistency between the way they think that they are and they way that they actually behave. Cognitive dissonance causes a person to be in a motivated state where they have to settle the dissonance. Cognitive dissonance appears in all the evaluations and decisions people experience multiple times on a daily basis. Dissonance usually increases with the importance of the decision and the difficulty of reversing the consequences of that decision.
There are three steps that a person uses to reduce dissonance. The first step is that the person must change the behavior to come into alignment with the person’s cognition. The second step is to justify their behavior by changing one of the conflicting cognitions. The third step is to justify the behavior by adding new cognitions. For example Bob is an avid gambler. He considers himself a good provider for his family, financially stable and he can stop gambling at anytime. He intellectually knows that the gambling could be taking over his life. This begins to make him feel uncomfortable about his gambling. He wants to decrease his feelings of dissonance and the threats to his self esteem. He will first try and change the behavior by not gambling and staying away from casinos. His knowledge about gambling and how it is affecting his life is now consistent with his behavior by not gambling. However, he soon relapses and begins to gamble again. The next thing he can do might be to justify a change in his behavior in an attempt to decrease his dissonance. He begins to think that gambling is not really that addicting and he can stop anytime he really wants to. It is not really that costly because it is a form of entertainment for him. He continues to justify his behavior by thinking that he does win on occasion and than takes the money home for his family to enjoy together. By going through each of the three steps, Bob is able to reduce is cognitive dissonance so he can continue to gamble.
There are three steps that a person uses to reduce dissonance. The first step is that the person must change the behavior to come into alignment with the person’s cognition. The second step is to justify their behavior by changing one of the conflicting cognitions. The third step is to justify the behavior by adding new cognitions. For example Bob is an avid gambler. He considers himself a good provider for his family, financially stable and he can stop gambling at anytime. He intellectually knows that the gambling could be taking over his life. This begins to make him feel uncomfortable about his gambling. He wants to decrease his feelings of dissonance and the threats to his self esteem. He will first try and change the behavior by not gambling and staying away from casinos. His knowledge about gambling and how it is affecting his life is now consistent with his behavior by not gambling. However, he soon relapses and begins to gamble again. The next thing he can do might be to justify a change in his behavior in an attempt to decrease his dissonance. He begins to think that gambling is not really that addicting and he can stop anytime he really wants to. It is not really that costly because it is a form of entertainment for him. He continues to justify his behavior by thinking that he does win on occasion and than takes the money home for his family to enjoy together. By going through each of the three steps, Bob is able to reduce is cognitive dissonance so he can continue to gamble.
Declaration of Man
Discussion Questions
1) The French National Assembly responded to the Enlightenment influences starting in 1789. This assembly set out to develop a new government reflecting the ideals of the enlightenment thinkers. The assembly ended the old regime and embraced protecting individual rights. They formed a new political authority utilizing individual rights as the building block. Their goal was to right a constitution which was achieved by 1791. The National Assembly recognizes and proclaims the Supreme Being following the rights of man and of the citizens.
2) The document indicates that the role of man was that they were born with equal rights, but these rights don’t allow impingement on others rights. Man had the freedom to do anything that harms no one, free to communicate ideas and opinions, rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. The government’s role was to preserve those rights by liberty, proper security, and resistance to oppression. No one should be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except to the forms of law. Both the government and its citizens stand together with its rights as a nation through the utilization of law.
3) In the document political sovereignty was defined that “sovereignty resides in the nation no body or individual may exercise any authority which doesn’t proceed directly from the nation”. What this statement indicated is that the national assembly recognized a new form of government as having power over a contained geographic area populous of its citizens. This document brought with it not only agreement of the rights of man but also the responsibility of the government. By proclaiming unity the articles in this document cemented the responsibility of both government and its citizens.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man was a document written by the National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution in 1791. This document laid the groundwork for equality, freedom of speech, and taxation. This was issued for the free rights of the French people. This document is similar to the United States Constitution written in 1776. The Constitution was written shortly after the American Revolution. The Constitution was written for the common defense, to promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. The first 10 amendments of the Constitution (the Bill of Rights) listed the rights of the people including freedom of the press, religion, to assemble, and petition the government. Both of these constitutions were written during or after a revolution had occurred. This brings pause to make one wonder if the French were not strongly influenced by the new founded nation, America.
1) The French National Assembly responded to the Enlightenment influences starting in 1789. This assembly set out to develop a new government reflecting the ideals of the enlightenment thinkers. The assembly ended the old regime and embraced protecting individual rights. They formed a new political authority utilizing individual rights as the building block. Their goal was to right a constitution which was achieved by 1791. The National Assembly recognizes and proclaims the Supreme Being following the rights of man and of the citizens.
2) The document indicates that the role of man was that they were born with equal rights, but these rights don’t allow impingement on others rights. Man had the freedom to do anything that harms no one, free to communicate ideas and opinions, rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. The government’s role was to preserve those rights by liberty, proper security, and resistance to oppression. No one should be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except to the forms of law. Both the government and its citizens stand together with its rights as a nation through the utilization of law.
3) In the document political sovereignty was defined that “sovereignty resides in the nation no body or individual may exercise any authority which doesn’t proceed directly from the nation”. What this statement indicated is that the national assembly recognized a new form of government as having power over a contained geographic area populous of its citizens. This document brought with it not only agreement of the rights of man but also the responsibility of the government. By proclaiming unity the articles in this document cemented the responsibility of both government and its citizens.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man was a document written by the National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution in 1791. This document laid the groundwork for equality, freedom of speech, and taxation. This was issued for the free rights of the French people. This document is similar to the United States Constitution written in 1776. The Constitution was written shortly after the American Revolution. The Constitution was written for the common defense, to promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty. The first 10 amendments of the Constitution (the Bill of Rights) listed the rights of the people including freedom of the press, religion, to assemble, and petition the government. Both of these constitutions were written during or after a revolution had occurred. This brings pause to make one wonder if the French were not strongly influenced by the new founded nation, America.
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